Table of Content

HOW TO USE THIS ENCYCLOPEDIA – viii

FOREWORD – ix
Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D., A.C.S.

PREFACE – xi
Timothy Perper, Ph.D.

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MANY MEANINGS OF SEXOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE – xiii
Ira L. Reiss, Ph.D.

ARGENTINA – 1
Sophia Kamenetzky, M.D.; Updates by S. Kamenetzky

AUSTRALIA – 27
Rosemary Coates, Ph.D.; Updates by R. Coates and Anthony Willmett, Ph.D.

AUSTRIA – 42
Dr. Rotraud A. Perner, L.L.D.; Translated and Redacted by Linda Kneucker; Updates by Linda Kneucker, Raoul Kneucker, and Martin Voracek, Ph.D., M.Sc.

BAHRAIN – 59
Julanne McCarthy, M.A., M.S.N.; Updates by the Editors

BOTSWANA – 89
Godisang Mookodi, Oleosi Ntshebe, and Ian Taylor, Ph.D.

BRAZIL – 98
Sérgio Luiz Gonçalves de Freitas, M.D., with Elí Fernandes de Oliveira and Lourenço Stélio Rega, M.Th.; Updates and comments by Raymond J. Noonan, Ph.D., and Dra. Sandra Almeida, and Luciane Raibin, M.S.

BULGARIA – 114
Michail Alexandrov Okoliyski, Ph.D., and Petko Velichkov, M.D.

CANADA – 126
Michael Barrett, Ph.D, Alan King, Ed.D., Joseph Lévy, Ph.D., Eleanor Maticka-Tyndale, Ph.D., Alexander McKay, Ph.D., and Julie Fraser, Ph.D.; Rewritten and updated by the Authors

CHINA – 182
Fang-fu Ruan, M.D., Ph.D., and M. P. Lau, M.D.; Updates by F. Ruan and Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D.; Comments by M. P. Lau

COLOMBIA – 210
José Manuel Gonzáles, M.A., Rubén Ardila, Ph.D., Pedro Guerrero, M.D., Gloria Penagos, M.D., and Bernardo Useche, Ph.D.; Translated by Claudia Rockmaker, M.S.W., and Luciane Raibin, M.S.; Updates by the Editors; Comment by Luciane Raibin, M.S.

COSTA RICA – 227
Anna Arroba, M.A.

CROATIA – 241
Aleksandar Štulhofer, Ph.D., Vlasta Hiršl-Hecej, M.D., M.A., Željko Mrkšic, Aleksandra Korac, Ph.D., Petra Hoblaj, Ivanka Ivkanec, Maja Mamula, M.A., Hrvoje Tiljak, M.D., Ph.D., Gordana Buljan-Flander, Ph.D., Sanja Sagasta, Gordan Bosanac, Ana Karlovic, and Jadranka Mimica; Updates by the Authors

CUBA – 259
Mariela Castro Espín, B.Ed., M.Sc., and María Dolores Córdova Llorca, Ph.D., main authors and coordinators, with Alicia Gónzalez Hernández, Ph.D., Beatriz Castellanos Simons, Ph.D., Natividad Guerrero Borrego, Ph.D., Gloria Ma. A. Torres Cueto, Ph.D., Eddy Abreu Guerra, Ph.D., Beatriz Torres Rodríguez, Ph.D., Caridad T. García Álvarez, M.Sc., Ada Alfonso Rodríguez, M.D., M.Sc., Maricel Rebollar Sánchez, M.Sc., Oscar Díaz Noriega, M.D., M.Sc., Jorge Renato Ibarra Guitart, Ph.D., Sonia Jiménez Berrios, Daimelis Monzón Wat, Jorge Peláez Mendoza, M.D., Mayra Rodríguez Lauzerique, M.Sc., Ofelia Bravo Fernández, M.Sc., Lauren Bardisa Escurra, M.D., Miguel Sosa Marín, M.D., Rosaida Ochoa Soto, M.D., and Leonardo Chacón Asusta

CYPRUS – 279
Part 1: Greek Cyprus: George J. Georgiou, Ph.D., with Alecos Modinos, B.Arch., A.R.I.B.A., Nathaniel Papageorgiou, Laura Papantoniou, M.Sc., M.D., and Nicos Peristianis, Ph.D. (Hons.); Updates by G. J. Georgiou and L. Papantoniou; Part 2: Turkish Cyprus: Kemal Bolayir, M.D., and Serin Kelâmi, B.Sc. (Hons.)

CZECH REPUBLIC – 320
Jaroslav Zverina, M.D.; Rewritten and updated by the Author

DENMARK – 329
Christian Graugaard, M.D., Ph.D., with Lene Falgaard Eplov, M.D., Ph.D., Annamaria Giraldi, M.D., Ph.D., Ellids Kristensen, M.D., Else Munck, M.D., Bo Møhl, clinical psychologist, Annette Fuglsang Owens, M.D., Ph.D., Hanne Risør, M.D., and Gerd Winther, clinical sexologist

EGYPT – 345
Bahira Sherif, Ph.D.; Updates by B. Sherif and Hussein Ghanem, M.D.

ESTONIA – 359
Elina Haavio-Mannila, Ph.D., Kai Haldre, M.D., and Osmo Kontula, Ph.D.

FINLAND – 381
Osmo Kontula, D.Soc.Sci., Ph.D., and Elina Haavio-Mannila, Ph.D.; Updates by O. Kontula and E. Haavio-Mannila

FRANCE – 412
Michel Meignant, Ph.D., chapter coordinator, with Pierre Dalens, M.D., Charles Gellman, M.D., Robert Gellman, M.D., Claire Gellman-Barroux, Ph.D., Serge Ginger, Laurent Malterre, and France Paramelle; Translated by Genevieve Parent, M.A.; Redacted by Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D.; Comment by Timothy Perper, Ph.D.; Updates by the Editors

FRENCH POLYNESIA – 431
Anne Bolin, Ph.D.; Updates by A. Bolin and the Editors

GERMANY – 450
Rudiger Lautmann, Ph.D., and Kurt Starke, Ph.D.; Updates by Jakob Pastoetter, Ph.D., and Hartmut A. G. Bosinski, Dr.med.habil., and the Editor

GHANA – 467
Augustine Ankomah, Ph.D.; Updates by Beldina Opiyo-Omolo, B.Sc.

GREECE – 479
Dimosthenis Agrafiotis, Ph.D., Elli Ioannidi, Ph.D., and Panagiota Mandi, M.Sc.; Rewritten and updated in December 2002 by the Authors

HONG KONG – 489
Emil Man-lun Ng, M.D., and Joyce L. C. Ma, Ph.D.; Updates by M. P. Lau, M.D., and Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D.

ICELAND – 503
Sóley S. Bender, R.N., B.S.N., M.S., Coordinator, with Sigrún Júliíusdóttir, Ph.D., Thorvaldur Kristinsson, Haraldur Briem, M.D., and Gudrún Jónsdóttir, Ph.D.; Updates by the Editors

INDIA – 516
Jayaji Krishna Nath, M.D., and Vishwarath R. Nayar; Updates by Karen Pechilis-Prentiss, Ph.D., Aparna Kadari, B.A., M.B.A., and Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D.

INDONESIA – 533
Wimpie I. Pangkahila, M.D., Ph.D. (Part 1); Ramsey Elkholy, Ph.D. (cand.) (Part 2); Updates by Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D.

IRAN – 554
Paula E. Drew, Ph.D.; Updates and comments by Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D.; Comments by F. A. Sadeghpour

IRELAND – 569
Thomas Phelim Kelly, M.B.; Updates by Harry A. Walsh, Ed.D., and the Editors

ISRAEL – 581
Ronny A. Shtarkshall, Ph.D., and Minah Zemach, Ph.D.; Updates by R. A. Shtarkshall and M. Zemach

ITALY – 620
Bruno P. F. Wanrooij, Ph.D.; Updates by B. P. F. Wanrooij

JAPAN – 636
Yoshiro Hatano, Ph.D., and Tsuguo Shimazaki; Updates and comments by Yoshimi Kaji, M.A., Timothy Perper, Ph.D., and Martha Cornog, M.S., M.A., and Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D.

KENYA – 679
Norbert Brockman, Ph.D.; Updates by Paul Mwangi Kariuki and Beldina Opiyo-Omolo, B.Sc.

MEXICO – 692
Eusebio Rubio, Ph.D.; Updates by the Editors

MOROCCO – 703
Nadia Kadiri, M.D., and Abderrazak Moussaïd, M.D., with Abdelkrim Tirraf, M.D., and Abdallah Jadid, M.D.; Translated by Raymond J. Noonan, Ph.D., and Dra. Sandra Almeida; Comments by Elaine Hatfield, Ph.D., and Richard Rapson, Ph.D.; Updates by the Editors

NEPAL – 714
Elizabeth Schroeder, M.S.W.

NETHERLANDS – 725
Jelto J. Drenth, Ph.D., and A. Koos Slob, Ph.D.; Updates by the Editors

NIGERIA – 752
Uwem Edimo Esiet, M.B., B.S., M.P.H., M.I.L.D., chapter coordinator, with Christine Olunfinke Adebajo, Ph.D., R.N., H.D.H.A., Mairo Victoria Bello, Rakiya Booth, M.B.B.S., F.W.A.C.P., Imo I. Esiet, B.Sc, LL.B., B.L., Nike Esiet, B.Sc., M.P.H. (Harvard), Foyin Oyebola, B.Sc., M.A., and Bilkisu Yusuf, B.Sc., M.A., M.N.I.; Updates by Beldina Opiyo-Omolo, B.Sc.

NORWAY – 781
Elsa Almås, Cand. Psychol., and Esben Esther Pirelli Benestad, M.D.; Updates by E. Almås and E. E. Pirelli Benestad

OUTER SPACE and ANTARCTICA – 795
Raymond J. Noonan, Ph.D.; Updates and new material by R. J. Noonan

PAPUA NEW GUINEA – 813
Shirley Oliver-Miller; Comments by Edgar Gregerson, Ph.D.

PHILIPPINES – 824
Jose Florante J. Leyson, M.D.; Updates by J. F. J. Leyson

POLAND – 846
Anna Sierzpowska-Ketner, M.D., Ph.D.; Updates by the Editors

PORTUGAL – 856
Nuno Nodin, M.A., with Sara Moreira, and Ana Margarida Ourô, M.A.; Updates by N. Nodin

PUERTO RICO – 877
Luis Montesinos, Ph.D., and Juan Preciado, Ph.D.; Redacted and updated by Felix M. Velázquez-Soto, M.A., and Glorivee Rosario-Pérez, Ph.D., and Carmen Rios

RUSSIA – 888
Igor S. Kon, Ph.D.; Updates by I. S. Kon

SOUTH AFRICA – 909
Lionel John Nicholas, Ph.D., and Priscilla Sandra Daniels, M.S. (Part 1); Mervyn Bernard Hurwitz, M.D. (Part 2); Updates by L. J. Nicholas, Ph.D.

SOUTH KOREA – 933
Hyung-Ki Choi, M.D., Ph.D., and Huso Yi, Ph.D. (cand.), with Ji-Kan Ryu, M.D., Koon Ho Rha, M.D., and Woong Hee Lee, M.D.; Redacted with additional information and updated as of March 2003 by Huso Yi, Ph.D. (cand.), with additional information by Yung-Chung Kim, Ki-Nam Chin, Pilwha Chang, Whasoon Byun, and Jungim Hwang

SPAIN – 960
Jose Antonio Nieto, Ph.D. (coordinator), with Jose Antonio Carrobles, Ph.D., Manuel Delgado Ruiz, Ph.D., Felix Lopez Sanchez, Ph.D., Virginia Maquieira D’Angelo, Ph.L.D., Josep-Vicent Marques, Ph.D., Bernardo Moreno Jimenez, Ph.D., Raquel Osborne Verdugo, Ph.D., Carmela Sanz Rueda, Ph.D., and Carmelo Vazquez Valverde, Ph.D.; Translated by Laura Berman, Ph.D., and Jose Nanin, M.A.; Updates by Laura Berman, Ph.D., Jose Nanin, M.A., and the Editors

SRI LANKA – 972
Victor C. de Munck, Ph.D.; Comments by Patricia Weerakoon, Ph.D.

SWEDEN – 984
Jan E. Trost, Ph.D., with Mai-Briht Bergstrom-Walan, Ph.D.; Updates by the Editors

SWITZERLAND – 995
Prof. Johannes Bitzer, M.D., Ph.D., Judith Adler, Ph.D., Prof. Dr. Udo Rauschfleisch Ph.D., Sibil Tschudin, M.D., Elizabeth Zemp, M.D., and Ulrike Kosta

TANZANIA – 1009
Philip Setel, Eleuther Mwageni, Namsifu Mndeme, and Yusuf Hemed; Additional comments by Beldina Opiyo-Omolo, B.Sc.

THAILAND – 1021
Kittiwut Jod Taywaditep, Ph.D., Eli Coleman, Ph.D., and Pacharin Dumronggittigule, M.Sc.; Updates by K. J. Taywaditep, Ryan Bishop, Ph.D., and Lillian S. Robinson, Ph.D.

TURKEY – 1054
Hamdullah Aydin, M.D., and Zeynep Gülçat, Ph.D.; Rewritten and updated in 2003 by H. Aydin and Z. Gülçat

UKRAINE – 1072
Tamara V. Hovorun, Ph.D., and Borys M. Vornyk, Ph.D. (Medicine); Rewritten and updated in 2003 by T. V. Hovorun and B. M. Vornyk

UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND – 1093
Kevan R. Wylie, M.B., Ch.B., M.Med.Sc., M.R.C.Psych., D.S.M., chapter coordinator and contributor, with Anthony Bains, B.A., Tina Ball, Ph.D., Patricia Barnes, M.A., CQSW, BASMT (Accred.), Rohan Collier, Ph.D., Jane Craig, M.B., MRCP (UK), Linda Delaney, L.L.B., M.Jur., Julia Field, B.A., Danya Glaser, MBBS, D.Ch., FRCPsych., Peter Greenhouse, M.A., MRCOG, MFFP, Mary Griffin, M.B., M.Sc., MFFP, Margot Huish, B.A., BASMT (Accred.), Anne M. Johnson, M.A., M.Sc., M.D., MRCGP, FFPAM, George Kinghorn, M.D., FRCP, Helen Mott, B.A. (Hons.), Paula Nicolson, Ph.D., Jane Read, B.A. (Hons.), UKCP, Fran Reader, FRCOG, MFFP, BASMT (Accred.), Gwyneth Sampson, DPM, MRCPsych., Peter Selman, DPSA, Ph.D., José von Bühler, R.M.N., Dip.H.S., Jane Wadsworth, B.Sc., M.Sc., Kaye Wellings, M.A., M.Sc., and Stephen Whittle, Ph.D.; Extensive updates and some sections rewritten by the original authors as noted in the text

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – 1127
David L. Weis, Ph.D., and Patricia Barthalow Koch, Ph.D., editors and contributors, with other contributions by Diane Baker, M.A.; Ph.D.; Sandy Bargainnier, Ed.D.; Sarah C. Conklin, Ph.D.; Martha Cornog, M.A., M.S.; Richard Cross, M.D.; Marilyn Fithian, Ph.D.; Jeannie Forrest, M.A.; Andrew D. Forsythe, M.S.; Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D., A.C.S.; Barbara Garris, M.A.; Patricia Goodson, Ph.D.; William E. Hartmann, Ph.D.; Robert O. Hawkins, Jr., Ph.D.; Linda L. Hendrixson, Ph.D.; Barrie J. Highby, Ph.D.; Ariadne (Ari) Kane, Ed.D.; Sharon E. King, M.S.Ed.; Robert Morgan Lawrence, D.C.; Brenda Love; Charlene L. Muehlenhard, Ph.D.; Raymond J. Noonan, Ph.D.; Miguel A. Pérez, Ph.D.; Timothy Perper, Ph.D.; Helda L. Pinzón-Pérez, Ph.D.; Carol Queen, Ph.D.; Herbert P. Samuels, Ph.D.; Julian Slowinski, Psy.D.; William Stackhouse, Ph.D.; William R. Stayton, Th.D.; and Mitchell S. Tepper, M.P.H.
      Updates coordinated by Raymond J. Noonan, Ph.D., and Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D., with comments and updates by Mark O. Bigler, Ph.D., Walter Bockting, Ph.D., Peggy Clarke, M.P.H., Sarah C. Conklin, Ph.D., Al Cooper, Ph.D., Martha Cornog, M.A., M.S., Susan Dudley, Ph.D., Warren Farrell, Ph.D., James R. Fleckenstein, Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D., Patricia Goodson, Ph.D., Erica Goodstone, Ph.D., Karen Allyn Gordon, M.P.H., Ph.D. (cand.), Eric Griffin-Shelley, Ph.D., Robert W. Hatfield, Ph.D., Loraine Hutchins, Ph.D., Michael Hyde, M.F.A., Ph.D. (cand.), Ariadne (Ari) Kane, Ed.D., Patricia Barthalow Koch, Ph.D., John Money, Ph.D., Charlene L. Muehlenhard, Ph.D., Raymond J. Noonan, Ph.D., Miguel A. Pérez, Ph.D., Helda L. Pinzón-Pérez, Ph.D., William Prendergast, Ph.D., Ruth Rubenstein, Ph.D., Herbert P. Samuels, Ph.D., William Taverner, M.A., David L. Weis, Ph.D., C. Christine Wheeler, Ph.D., and Walter Williams, Ph.D.

VIETNAM – 1337
Jakob Pastoetter, Ph.D.; Updates by J. Pastoetter

LAST-MINUTE DEVELOPMENTS – 1363
Added by the Editors after the manuscript had been typeset

GLOBAL TRENDS: SOME FINAL IMPRESSIONS – 1373
Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D., and Raymond J. Noonan, Ph.D.

CONTRIBUTORS and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS – 1377

AN INTERNATIONAL DIRECTORY OF SEXOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATIONS, ASSOCIATIONS, AND INSTITUTES – 1394
Compiled by Robert T. Francoeur, Ph.D.

INDEX – 1405